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General Dynamics (GD) explained: how it makes money, how it's doing, what protects it

A plain-English guide to the maker of Gulfstream jets and builder of U.S. Navy submarines. See what it sells, where the money goes, who it competes with and what protects it.

⚡What does General Dynamics do, in 30 seconds?

General Dynamics builds nuclear-powered submarines and Navy ships 1. It also makes Gulfstream business jets 4 and combat vehicles 8. It sells defense electronics and IT services too 3. It sold $52.6bn ✓ in FY2025. The U.S. government provided 68% of 2025 revenue 6. Marine Systems, the shipbuilding segment, made up 32% ✓ of FY2025 sales.

Revenue, FY2025
$52.6bn✓
Profit, FY2025
$4.2bn✓
Sales growth, 4 quarters to 04 Oct 2026 (53 weeks against 52)
9.7%✓
Net cash (cash and investments minus borrowings; leases and stakes in other companies not counted), 04 Oct 2026
-$2.6bn✓
Headquarters
Reston, Virginia 33
Stock listing
New York Stock Exchange, symbol GD 33
Employees
More than 120,000 in October 2026 2434
CEO
Phebe N. Novakovic, since January 2013 33. Danny Deep has been elected to follow her on 1 January 2027 3132
Structure
10 business units in four segments 4
Fiscal year ends
31 December 33

📱What does General Dynamics sell?

General Dynamics has four segments 4. Marine Systems is the largest by sales, at 32% ✓ in FY2025. Technologies follows at 26% ✓, then Aerospace at 25% ✓ and Combat Systems at 18% ✓. Here is what each one does and who buys from it.

🚢

Marine Systems

This segment builds nuclear-powered submarines and U.S. Navy surface and auxiliary ships 1. Three units do the work: Electric Boat, Bath Iron Works and NASSCO 1. Electric Boat is the prime contractor and lead shipyard on all U.S. Navy nuclear-powered submarine programs 1. At the end of 2025, Bath Iron Works had 11 destroyers in backlog 1. NASSCO had seven oilers in backlog at the end of 2025 1. Marine Systems brought in $16.7bn ✓ in FY2025.

👥 The U.S. Navy 1.

💻

Technologies

Two businesses make up this segment: General Dynamics Information Technology and Mission Systems 3. The first does cloud, cybersecurity, network and app work for the federal government 3. It works across thousands of programs 3. Mission Systems builds defense electronics 3. They include encryption products, submarine fire-control and weapon-launch systems, and unmanned undersea vehicles 3. Technologies brought in $13.5bn ✓ in FY2025.

👥 Military, intelligence, federal civilian and state customers 3.

✈️

Aerospace

This segment makes business jets and provides aircraft repair, customer support and custom completion services 4. Its two units are Gulfstream and Jet Aviation 4. Gulfstream's in-service models include the G500, G600, G700 and G800 4. Gulfstream delivered 158 aircraft in 2025, compared with 136 in 2024 5. Aerospace brought in $13.1bn ✓ in FY2025.

👥 In the United States, jet buyers are individuals and public and private companies across many industries 6. U.S. customers made 68% of Gulfstream's orders in 2025 76.

🛡️

Combat Systems

This segment makes wheeled and tracked combat vehicles, weapon systems and munitions 8. Its units are Land Systems, European Land Systems and Ordnance and Tactical Systems 8. Land Systems is the sole-source producer of the U.S. Army's Abrams main battle tank and Stryker wheeled combat vehicle 8. Ordnance and Tactical Systems supplies munitions, artillery parts and propellants 8. It also supplies missile subsystems such as warheads and solid rocket motors 8. Combat Systems brought in $9.2bn ✓ in FY2025.

👥 The U.S. Army 8 and U.S. allies 8. In its FY2025 annual report, the company was producing 515 new vehicles for the Canadian army and 589 Ajax vehicles for the British Army 8.

How the mix has shifted

Revenue mix by productFY2023Marine Systems: $12.5bn (29%)Marine Systems 29%Technologies: $12.9bn (31%)Technologies 31%Aerospace: $8.6bn (20%)Aerospace 20%Combat Systems: $8.3bn (20%)Combat Systems 20%FY2024Marine Systems: $14.3bn (30%)Marine Systems 30%Technologies: $13.1bn (28%)Technologies 28%Aerospace: $11.2bn (24%)Aerospace 24%Combat Systems: $9.0bn (19%)Combat Systems 19%FY2025Marine Systems: $16.7bn (32%)Marine Systems 32%Technologies: $13.5bn (26%)Technologies 26%Aerospace: $13.1bn (25%)Aerospace 25%Combat Systems: $9.2bn (18%)Combat Systems 18%
Revenue mix by productFY23Marine Systems: $12.5bn (29%)29%Technologies: $12.9bn (31%)31%Aerospace: $8.6bn (20%)20%Combat Systems: $8.3bn (20%)20%FY24Marine Systems: $14.3bn (30%)30%Technologies: $13.1bn (28%)28%Aerospace: $11.2bn (24%)24%Combat Systems: $9.0bn (19%)19%FY25Marine Systems: $16.7bn (32%)32%Technologies: $13.5bn (26%)26%Aerospace: $13.1bn (25%)25%Combat Systems: $9.2bn (18%)18%Marine SystemsTechnologiesAerospaceCombat Systems
Share of revenue by business line, by fiscal year. Source: General Dynamics Corporation 10-K filed 2026-01-30.

Where the customers are

The United States brought in 82% ✓ of the company's sales in FY2025. Europe added 7% ✓, Africa and the Middle East 4% ✓ and Asia Pacific 4% ✓. The rest of North America added 2% ✓ and South America 1% ✓.

Revenue by regionUnited States$43.3bn 82% of salesEurope$3.5bn 7% of salesAfrica and Middle East$2.0bn 4% of salesAsia Pacific$2.0bn 4% of salesRest of North America$1.2bn 2% of salesSouth America$0.4bn 1% of sales
Revenue by regionUnited States$43.3bn 82%Europe$3.5bn 7%Africa and Middle East$2.0bn 4%Asia Pacific$2.0bn 4%Rest of North America$1.2bn 2%South America$0.4bn 1%
Revenue by region, FY2025. Source: General Dynamics Corporation 10-K filed 2026-01-30.

💸How does General Dynamics make money?

Follow the money: what customers pay for, what it costs to make, and what is left as profit.

Money map FY2025: how revenue turns into profitMarine Systems → Revenue: $16.7bnTechnologies → Revenue: $13.5bnAerospace → Revenue: $13.1bnCombat Systems → Revenue: $9.2bnRevenue → Gross profit: $8.0bnRevenue → Cost of sales: $44.6bnGross profit → Operating profit: $5.4bnGross profit → Selling & admin: $2.6bnOperating profit → Net income: $4.2bnOperating profit → Income tax: $0.9bnOperating profit → Other costs: $0.3bnMarine Systems$16.7bn · 32%Technologies$13.5bn · 26%Aerospace$13.1bn · 25%Combat Systems$9.2bn · 18%Revenue$52.6bnGross profit$8.0bn · 15%Cost of sales$44.6bn · 85%Operating profit$5.4bn · 10%Selling & admin$2.6bn · 5%Net income$4.2bn · 8%Income tax$0.9bn · 2%Other costs$0.3bn · <1%
Money map FY2025: how revenue turns into profitMarine Systems: $16.7bnTechnologies: $13.5bnAerospace: $13.1bnCombat Systems: $9.2bnMarine Systems$16.7bn · 32%Technologies$13.5bn · 26%Aerospace$13.1bn · 25%Combat Systems$9.2bn · 18%Revenue: $52.6bnRevenue$52.6bn · 100%Gross profit: $8.0bnCost of sales: $44.6bnGross profit$8.0bn · 15%Cost of sales$44.6bn · 85%Operating profit: $5.4bnSelling & admin: $2.6bnOperating profit$5.4bn · 10%Selling & admin$2.6bn · 5%Net income: $4.2bnIncome tax: $0.9bnOther costs: $0.3bnNet income$4.2bn · 8%Income tax$0.9bn · 2%Other costs$0.3bn · <1%
Money map (a Sankey diagram): band widths are to scale. Hover a band for the amount. Source: General Dynamics Corporation 10-K filings.

General Dynamics sold $52.6bn ✓ of ships, jets, vehicles, munitions and services in FY2025. Making those products and delivering those services cost $44.6bn ✓. What is left is gross profit, the money kept after paying for what was sold. That came to $8.0bn ✓.

Next come the costs of running the company. Selling, general and admin costs took $2.6bn ✓. What remains is operating profit, the profit from the main business, which was $5.4bn ✓. Other items, such as interest, came to -$0.3bn ✓, and tax took $0.9bn ✓. That left net income of $4.2bn ✓. Put simply, out of every hundred dollars of sales, the company kept about $8 ✓ as profit.

Out of every $100 customers paid in FY2025…

Making the products and services $85Selling and admin $5Income tax $2Profit kept $8
💡
The segments earn different margins. In 2025, Marine Systems had an operating margin of 7.0% 5. Aerospace had 13.3% and Combat Systems had 14.4% 5. Marine Systems made up 32% ✓ of FY2025 sales.

📈How is General Dynamics doing?

General Dynamics grew in FY2025. Sales reached $52.6bn ✓, up 10.1% ✓ on FY2024. Operating margin was 10.2% ✓, so about a tenth of sales became operating profit. Net income was $4.2bn ✓. Free cash flow was $4.0bn ✓, up from $3.2bn ✓ in FY2024. Gulfstream delivered 158 aircraft in 2025, compared with 136 in 2024 5.

In the four quarters to 4 October 2026, sales were $56.5bn ✓, up 9.7% ✓ on the four quarters before. The latest four quarters covered 53 ✓ weeks, against 52 ✓ weeks in the four before. Operating margin over those four quarters was 10.4% ✓, and free cash flow was $5.8bn ✓.

Marine Systems revenue rose 21.1% in the third quarter of 2026 36. The rise came from higher Columbia-class and Virginia-class submarine volume 36. Its margin rose to 7.9%, helped by a favorable adjustment on Virginia-class Block IV 36. Gulfstream delivered 119 aircraft in the first nine months of 2026, compared with 113 in the same period of 2025 36. U.S. military vehicle revenue fell in the first nine months of 2026 36. The causes were lower U.S. Army demand during its recapitalization and the end of the M10 Booker program 36.

Orders reached $98.8 billion in the third quarter of 2026 34. Defense segments took $93.8 billion of that, and Aerospace took $5 billion 34. The book-to-bill ratio for the quarter was 6.8-to-1 34. Total backlog was $220.3 billion on 4 October 2026 27. It had been $136.5 billion on 5 July 2026 27. The rise came primarily from large Virginia-class and Columbia-class submarine awards 27. Marine Systems backlog was $146.9 billion on 4 October 2026 27. Of that, $99.6 billion was unfunded 27.

📝 The report card

General Dynamics earns good marks for growth and steadiness, a middle mark for profit, and low marks for cash and its balance sheet. Every company is graded on the same fixed scale, so an A means the same thing on every page. The strip shows where General Dynamics (orange) and its 6 peers land; further right is better.

B

Growth

Sales growth per year, last 3 fiscal years
10.1% · peer median 5.1%
#2 of 7 in the peer group
A ≥ 15.0%B ≥ 10.0%C ≥ 5.0%D ≥ 0.0%F below 0.0%

The company's sales grew 10.1% ✓ a year over its last three fiscal years, which earns a B ✓. Boeing grew 10.3% ✓ a year over its own last three fiscal years, also a B ✓. Lockheed Martin grew 4.4% ✓ a year, a D ✓.

Why this measure? (higher is better)

Growing sales is the engine of a business. Mature giants rarely grow fast, so 5% a year already earns a C.

C

Profitability

Operating margin, last 3 years combined
10.1% · peer median 7.3%
#2 of 7 in the peer group
A ≥ 30.0%B ≥ 20.0%C ≥ 10.0%D ≥ 5.0%F below 5.0%

Over the last three years combined, the company kept 10.1% ✓ of sales as operating profit, which earns a C ✓. Lockheed Martin kept 10.9% ✓, also a C ✓. Boeing's operating margin over its last three years combined was -3.1% ✓, an F ✓.

Why this measure? (higher is better)

Operating margin is the share of each sales dollar left after running the business. Software and platforms often clear 30%; hardware makers usually sit below 10%.

D

Cash generation

Free cash flow as a share of sales, last 3 years combined
7.7% · peer median 6.2%
#2 of 7 in the peer group
A ≥ 20.0%B ≥ 15.0%C ≥ 10.0%D ≥ 5.0%F below 5.0%

Over the last three years combined, the company turned 7.7% ✓ of sales into free cash flow, a D ✓. Lockheed Martin turned 8.6% ✓ of its sales into free cash flow, also a D ✓. The peer median was 6.2% ✓.

Why this measure? (higher is better)

Free cash flow is the cash left after paying for factories, data centres and equipment. It funds dividends, buybacks and new bets.

D

Balance sheet

Net cash (cash and investments minus borrowings; leases and stakes in other companies not counted) as a share of a year's sales
-10.8% · peer median -25.2%
#2 of 7 in the peer group
A ≥ 20.0%B ≥ 5.0%C ≥ -10.0%D ≥ -30.0%F below -30.0%

At the end of FY2025, the company's net cash, meaning cash and investments minus borrowings (leases not counted), was -$5.7bn ✓. That equalled -10.8% ✓ of a year's sales at the end of FY2025, a D ✓. The peer median was -25.2% ✓. On 4 October 2026, net cash was -$2.6bn ✓.

Why this measure? (higher is better)

More cash than debt gives a company room to ride out bad years. Some debt is normal; a lot of it makes a company fragile.

B

Steadiness

How much yearly sales growth swings (standard deviation, up to 10 years)
6.9% · peer median 5.9%
#6 of 7 in the peer group
A ≤ 5.0%B ≤ 8.0%C ≤ 12.0%D ≤ 18.0%F above 18.0%

How much its yearly growth swings (standard deviation) was 6.9% ✓, which earns a B ✓. For example, yearly growth was -3.6% ✓ in FY2020 and 12.9% ✓ in FY2024. Lockheed Martin's figure is 5.1% ✓.

Why this measure? (lower is better)

Steady growers are easier to plan around. Big swings mean sales depend on product cycles, the economy or one-off events.

🧑‍🏫 How the grades work
  1. Same scale for everyone. Each measure has fixed cut-offs (shown under each strip). Clear the A line and you get an A, whatever your peers do.
  2. Three years together. Profitability and cash generation add up the last three fiscal years before dividing, so one unusual year counts for less than it would on its own (a year much bigger than the others still weighs most).
  3. Peers for context. The rank shows how General Dynamics compares with the group. Companies within 0.1 percentage point share a rank.
  4. Same source. Every company's figures come from its own latest annual report (10-K), so fiscal years end in different months.
  5. Judgement, openly stated. The cut-offs are QuantVantage.ai's view of what good looks like for a large, established company. They are not a forecast or a recommendation.

11 years at a glance

Revenue
$52.6bn
FY2025
Revenue by fiscal yearFY2015: $31.8bnFY2016: $30.6bnFY2017: $31.0bnFY2018: $36.2bnFY2019: $39.4bnFY2020: $37.9bnFY2021: $38.5bnFY2022: $39.4bnFY2023: $42.3bnFY2024: $47.7bnFY2025: $52.6bnFY2015FY2025
Operating margin
10.2%
FY2025
Operating marginFY2015FY2025
Free cash flow
$4.0bn
FY2025
Free cash flow by fiscal yearFY2015: $1.9bnFY2016: $1.8bnFY2017: $3.4bnFY2018: $2.5bnFY2019: $2.0bnFY2020: $2.9bnFY2021: $3.4bnFY2022: $3.5bnFY2023: $3.8bnFY2024: $3.2bnFY2025: $4.0bnFY2015FY2025
Net cash
-$5.7bn
end of FY2025
Net cash by fiscal yearFY2015: -$0.6bnFY2016: -$1.6bnFY2017: -$1.0bnFY2018: -$11.5bnFY2019: -$11.0bnFY2020: -$10.2bnFY2021: -$9.9bnFY2022: -$9.3bnFY2023: -$7.3bnFY2024: -$7.1bnFY2025: -$5.7bnFY2015FY2025

Where the cash goes

Over the 11 fiscal years from FY2015 to FY2025, the company spent $28.5bn ✓ on buybacks and dividends, against $32.3bn ✓ of free cash flow. In FY2025, it paid $1.6bn ✓ in dividends and spent $0.6bn ✓ on buybacks. Together they equalled 56% ✓ of free cash flow that year. Capital spending rose almost 30% to $1.2 billion in 2025, from $916 million in 2024 25.

Free cash flow vs cash returned to shareholders$0bnFY2016 free cash flow $1.8bnFY2016 buybacks + dividends $2.9bnFY16FY2017 free cash flow $3.4bnFY2017 buybacks + dividends $2.5bnFY17FY2018 free cash flow $2.5bnFY2018 buybacks + dividends $2.8bnFY18FY2019 free cash flow $2.0bnFY2019 buybacks + dividends $1.4bnFY19FY2020 free cash flow $2.9bnFY2020 buybacks + dividends $1.8bnFY20FY2021 free cash flow $3.4bnFY2021 buybacks + dividends $3.1bnFY21FY2022 free cash flow $3.5bnFY2022 buybacks + dividends $2.6bnFY22FY2023 free cash flow $3.8bnFY2023 buybacks + dividends $1.9bnFY23FY2024 free cash flow $3.2bnFY2024 buybacks + dividends $3.0bnFY24FY2025 free cash flow $4.0bnFY2025 buybacks + dividends $2.2bnFY25
Free cash flow vs cash returned to shareholders$0bnFY2020 free cash flow $2.9bnFY2020 buybacks + dividends $1.8bnFY20FY2021 free cash flow $3.4bnFY2021 buybacks + dividends $3.1bnFY21FY2022 free cash flow $3.5bnFY2022 buybacks + dividends $2.6bnFY22FY2023 free cash flow $3.8bnFY2023 buybacks + dividends $1.9bnFY23FY2024 free cash flow $3.2bnFY2024 buybacks + dividends $3.0bnFY24FY2025 free cash flow $4.0bnFY2025 buybacks + dividends $2.2bnFY25
■ Free cash flow   ■ Buybacks + dividends. Source: General Dynamics Corporation 10-K filings.

🧮Ratios 101: what are General Dynamics' key financial ratios?

Ratios shrink big numbers into easy comparisons with other defense and aerospace firms. A ratio divides one number by another so companies of any size can be compared. Each card shows the formula with General Dynamics' real FY2025 numbers, the peer median and the trend.

💰 Profitability: how much of each sale is kept?

Higher is better

Gross margin

15.1%
Gross profit$8.0bn$52.6bnSales=15.1%

What is left from each sale after paying to make the product or deliver the service.

👉 The company kept 15.1% ✓ of FY2025 sales as gross profit.

📏 Rule of thumb: Above 40% usually signals pricing power or a big software or services mix.

FY2015 19.6%
Gross margin by fiscal yearFY2015FY2025
Higher is better

Operating margin

10.2%
Operating profit$5.4bn$52.6bnSales=10.2%

What is left after also paying for research, marketing and running the company.

👉 Its 10.2% ✓ operating margin in FY2025 is above the 8.5% ✓ peer median.

📏 Rule of thumb: Above 20% is strong for a large company.

Peer median 8.5% (6 peers)FY2015 13.5%
Operating margin by fiscal yearFY2015FY2025
Higher is better

Net margin

8.0%
Net income$4.2bn$52.6bnSales=8.0%

The bottom line: profit after interest and taxes, per dollar of sales.

👉 The company kept 8.0% ✓ of FY2025 sales as final profit, above the 6.5% ✓ peer median.

📏 Rule of thumb: Above 15% is strong; one-off tax items can move it in a single year.

Peer median 6.5% (6 peers)FY2015 9.6%
Net margin by fiscal yearFY2015FY2025
It depends

Return on equity (ROE)

16.4%
Net income$4.2bn$25.6bnShareholders' equity=16.4%

Profit earned for each dollar that shareholders have left in the company.

👉 ROE of 16.4% ✓ is below the 18.5% ✓ peer median, on shareholders' equity of $25.6bn ✓.

📏 Rule of thumb: Around 15% or more is good, but buybacks shrink equity and can make ROE look huge.

Peer median 18.5% (6 peers)FY2015 29.1%
Return on equity (ROE) by fiscal yearFY2015FY2025

⚙️ Efficiency: how hard do the assets work?

Higher is better

Return on assets (ROA)

7.4%
Net income$4.2bn$57.2bnTotal assets=7.4%

Profit earned from everything the company owns, however it was paid for.

👉 ROA of 7.4% ✓ is above the 4.9% ✓ peer median, on total assets of $57.2bn ✓.

📏 Rule of thumb: Above 10% is strong; banks and factories usually earn less.

Peer median 4.9% (6 peers)FY2015 9.3%
Return on assets (ROA) by fiscal yearFY2015FY2025
Higher is better

Asset turnover

0.9x
Sales$52.6bn$57.2bnTotal assets=0.9x

Dollars of sales squeezed out of each dollar of assets.

👉 The company's sales are 0.9x ✓ the value of everything it owns, against a peer median of 0.8x ✓.

📏 Rule of thumb: Retailers often top 2x; asset-heavy businesses can sit below 0.5x.

Peer median 0.8x (6 peers)FY2015 1.0x
Asset turnover by fiscal yearFY2015FY2025
Lower is better

Inventory days

76 days
Inventory$9.2bn$44.6bnCost of sales× 365=76 days

How many days of products sit in warehouses before they are sold.

👉 The company holds 76 ✓ days of stock.

📏 Rule of thumb: Fewer days means less cash tied up and less risk of products going stale.

FY2015 48 days
Inventory days by fiscal yearFY2015FY2025

🛟 Safety: could it survive a bad year?

It depends

Current ratio

1.4x
Current assets$24.2bn$16.8bnCurrent liabilities=1.4x

Can short-term assets (cash, money owed by customers, stock) pay the bills due within a year?

👉 Its 1.4x ✓ means $24.2bn ✓ of current assets against $16.8bn ✓ of bills due within a year. The peer median is 1.1x ✓.

📏 Rule of thumb: Above 1.0x is the classic comfort line, but cash-rich giants can run below it on purpose.

Peer median 1.1x (5 peers)FY2015 1.2x
Current ratio by fiscal yearFY2015FY2025
Lower is better

Debt to equity

0.3x
Total debt$8.0bn$25.6bnShareholders' equity=0.3x

How much the company has borrowed for each dollar shareholders have in it.

👉 Debt of $8.0bn ✓ against equity of $25.6bn ✓ gives 0.3x ✓, below the 0.7x ✓ peer median.

📏 Rule of thumb: Below 1.0x is conservative. Like ROE, it can rise when buybacks shrink equity, even if debt has not changed.

Peer median 0.7x (6 peers)FY2015 0.3x
Debt to equity by fiscal yearFY2015FY2025

💵 Cash and owners: where does the money end up?

Higher is better

Cash conversion

0.9x
Free cash flow$4.0bn$4.2bnNet income=0.9x

Does reported profit turn into real cash? Free cash flow is operating cash minus capital spending.

👉 The company turned profit into free cash at 0.9x ✓ in FY2025, below the 1.1x ✓ peer median.

📏 Rule of thumb: Near or above 1.0x means profits are backed by cash.

Peer median 1.1x (6 peers)FY2015 0.6x
Cash conversion by fiscal yearFY2015FY2025
Lower is better

Stock pay

0.4%
Share-based pay$0.2bn$52.6bnSales=0.4%

Pay given to staff in shares instead of cash. It is a real cost to owners because it adds shares.

👉 Stock pay is 0.4% ✓ of sales, against a peer median of 0.5% ✓.

📏 Rule of thumb: Under 5% of sales is modest for a tech company.

Peer median 0.5% (6 peers)FY2015 0.3%
Stock pay by fiscal yearFY2015FY2025
It depends

Shareholder payout

53.0%
Dividends + buybacks$2.2bn$4.2bnNet income=53.0%

How much of the year's profit was handed back to owners.

👉 The company returned 53.0% ✓ of FY2025 profit through dividends and buybacks, below the 61.8% ✓ peer median.

📏 Rule of thumb: Above 100% means it returned more than it earned, using cash savings or debt.

Peer median 61.8% (6 peers)FY2015 135.2%
Shareholder payout by fiscal yearFY2015FY2025

Ratios use fiscal-year-end balance sheet values. Inputs are shown rounded, so dividing them can differ from the result in the last digit. A peer median leaves out peers that do not report the inputs, or where the ratio means nothing (for example, negative shareholders' equity). Rules of thumb are general guides from QuantVantage.ai, not hard limits. No share-price ratios (like price-to-earnings) are shown on this page.

🥊Who are General Dynamics' competitors?

General Dynamics meets different rivals in each segment. HII's Newport News and Electric Boat are the two U.S. companies that build nuclear-powered submarines 122. Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman and Boeing each name General Dynamics as a competitor 3198211718. RTX also sells defense electronics 8320, and Textron also sells business jets 423.

Peer map: growth vs profitability, bubble size = revenue0%5%10%0%10%Sales growth per year, 3 years →Operating margin →Boeing: revenue $89.5bn, growth 10.3%/yr, operating margin 4.8%BARTX: revenue $88.6bn, growth 9.7%/yr, operating margin 10.5%RTXLockheed Martin: revenue $75.0bn, growth 4.4%/yr, operating margin 10.3%LMTGeneral Dynamics: revenue $52.6bn, growth 10.1%/yr, operating margin 10.2%GDNorthrop Grumman: revenue $42.0bn, growth 4.7%/yr, operating margin 10.8%NOCTextron: revenue $14.8bn, growth 4.8%/yr, operating margin 6.7%TXTHuntington Ingalls: revenue $12.5bn, growth 5.4%/yr, operating margin 5.3%HII
Peer map: growth vs profitability, bubble size = revenue0%5%10%0%10%Sales growth per year, 3 years →Operating margin →Boeing: revenue $89.5bn, growth 10.3%/yr, operating margin 4.8%BARTX: revenue $88.6bn, growth 9.7%/yr, operating margin 10.5%RTXLockheed Martin: revenue $75.0bn, growth 4.4%/yr, operating margin 10.3%LMTGeneral Dynamics: revenue $52.6bn, growth 10.1%/yr, operating margin 10.2%GDNorthrop Grumman: revenue $42.0bn, growth 4.7%/yr, operating margin 10.8%NOCTextron: revenue $14.8bn, growth 4.8%/yr, operating margin 6.7%TXTHuntington Ingalls: revenue $12.5bn, growth 5.4%/yr, operating margin 5.3%HII
Peer map from each company's latest 10-K. Bubble size = revenue. Source: SEC filings [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15].
CompanyWhere they competeRevenueGrowth/yr (3y)Op. marginFCF margin
General Dynamics (GD, FY2025)Submarines, Navy ships, business jets, combat vehicles, munitions, defense electronics and IT services$52.6bn10.1%10.2%7.5%
Boeing (BA, FY2025)Boeing names General Dynamics among the main rivals of its defense segment 1718$89.5bn10.3%4.8%-2.1%
Lockheed Martin (LMT, FY2025)Command, control, cyber and intelligence systems, and undersea combat systems for the U.S. Navy 319$75.0bn4.4%10.3%9.2%
RTX (RTX, FY2025)Defense electronics and command-and-control systems; Raytheon makes missiles, and Ordnance and Tactical Systems supplies missile subsystems 8320$88.6bn9.7%10.5%9.0%
Northrop Grumman (NOC, FY2025)Communications and intelligence systems, medium- and large-caliber ammunition and solid rocket motors 8321$42.0bn4.7%10.8%7.9%
Huntington Ingalls (HII, FY2025)Nuclear-powered submarines, where the two team on the Virginia class, and Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, which both build 122$12.5bn5.4%5.3%6.4%
Textron (TXT, FY2025)Business jets: Textron's Citation line and Gulfstream's range 423$14.8bn4.8%6.7%6.3%

The company says its Aerospace segment has several competitors for each model 24. It says Marine Systems has one primary competitor 2224.

🧭General Dynamics SWOT: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats

💪 Strengths

  • Electric Boat is the prime contractor and lead shipyard on all U.S. Navy nuclear-powered submarine programs 1.
  • Contracts reported on 30 July 2026 gave Electric Boat $29.5 billion for five more Columbia-class submarines 26. They also gave it $42.1 billion for nine more Virginia-class submarines and shipyard infrastructure funding 26. Work is scheduled through July 2038 26.
  • Land Systems is the sole-source producer of the U.S. Army's Abrams main battle tank and Stryker wheeled combat vehicle 8.
  • Total backlog was $220.3 billion on 4 October 2026 27.
  • Sales grew 10.1% ✓ a year over the last three fiscal years, a B ✓.
  • No single Technologies contract is material to that segment 3.

🩹 Weaknesses

  • The U.S. government provided 68% of revenue in 2025 6.
  • Marine Systems had an operating margin of 7.0% in 2025 5. Aerospace had 13.3% and Combat Systems had 14.4% 5.
  • Over the last three years combined, free cash flow was 7.7% ✓ of sales, a D ✓.
  • The company says higher Navy demand has put pressure on the shipbuilding industrial base 28. It says that base was already affected by demographic issues after the pandemic 28.

🚀 Opportunities

  • The company says regional conflicts and the threat environment have raised demand for Combat Systems products, particularly in Europe 28.
  • The company expects demand for its munitions to stay elevated 28. It cites ongoing conflicts and U.S. administration support for further increases 28.
  • The G400 is in development, and the G300, announced in the second half of 2025, will replace the G280 4.

⚠️ Threats

  • In August 2026, the SEC and the Civil Division of the U.S. Department of Justice contacted the company 29. The contact was about investigations into Electric Boat's accounting on submarine contracts 29. Subpoenas followed, and the company is cooperating 29. As of 30 October 2026, the investigations were ongoing 29. The company said it could not predict the outcome or estimate a range of possible loss 29.
  • General Dynamics says U.S. government contracts are not always fully funded at the start 30. It says future revenue under multi-year contracts depends on Congress continuing to approve the money 30. These contracts generally let the government end a contract, in whole or in part, for convenience 30.
  • The company expects short-term combat vehicle output to be down slightly 28. Over that time, the U.S. Army is reviewing funding priorities and moving to next-generation vehicles 28.
  • The company says federal spending cuts that began in 2025 brought staff cuts, contract changes and award delays 5. It says the impact was largely limited to its IT services business 5.
  • The company says the Aerospace supply chain has stabilized, but it has seen some delays 28. One is at an Israel-based supplier of mid-cabin airframes, because of conflicts in the Middle East 28.

🏰Does General Dynamics have a moat?

Narrow moatGeneral Dynamics leads all U.S. Navy nuclear-powered submarine programs 1 and is the sole-source producer of the Abrams and Stryker 8, but the U.S. government provided 68% of its 2025 revenue 6.
Brand 3/5
Why 3?

Gulfstream's in-service aircraft hold more than 350 city-pair speed records 4. General Dynamics says that is more than any other business jet maker 4. It lists safety, reliability, performance, cabin comfort, service quality and price among the key ways Gulfstream jets compete 24. It says the segment has several competitors for each model 24.

Switching costs 4/5
Why 4?

Electric Boat is the prime contractor and lead shipyard on all U.S. Navy nuclear-powered submarine programs 1. Land Systems is the sole-source producer of the Abrams and Stryker 8. The company says many of its major defense programs can run for sustained periods when it performs successfully 24.

Network effects 1/5
Why 1?

The closest thing to a network is Gulfstream's group of service centers, which supports more than 3,000 aircraft in service worldwide 4.

Cost advantages and scale 3/5
Why 3?

Capital spending rose almost 30% to $1.2 billion in 2025, from $916 million in 2024 25. It included equipment and facilities for new and existing programs 25. In 2025, Marine Systems had an operating margin of 7.0% 5. Aerospace had 13.3% and Combat Systems had 14.4% 5. The company expects Electric Boat's workforce to grow 1. The aim is sustained production of one Columbia-class submarine plus up to two Virginia-class submarines a year 1. General Dynamics works with about 3,000 suppliers 1.

Intangibles (patents, licences, regulation) 3/5
Why 3?

HII says it is one of only two U.S. companies currently able to design and build nuclear-powered submarines 2224. The Columbia-class program has the highest possible rating in the U.S. government's Defense Priorities and Allocations System 1. Each aircraft model needs a type certificate from an aviation authority before it can be built and sold 24. General Dynamics says no single patent, licence or other intellectual property right is so important that losing it would materially affect the business 24. The U.S. government holds licences to many patents developed under its contracts 24.

A moat is what keeps rivals from taking a company's customers and profits. Scores are QuantVantage.ai's judgement (5 = strongest), set with the same rubric on every explainer (orange is General Dynamics; grey dots are peers).

🔭What should you watch next?

Since at least August 2026; ongoing as of 30 October 2026

Investigations into Electric Boat's accounting

In August 2026, the SEC and the Civil Division of the U.S. Department of Justice contacted the company 29. The contact was about investigations into Electric Boat's accounting on submarine contracts 29. As of 30 October 2026, the investigations were ongoing 29. The company said it could not predict the outcome or estimate a range of possible loss 29.

1 January 2027

CEO change

Danny Deep is scheduled to become CEO on 1 January 2027, succeeding Phebe Novakovic 31.

11 December 2026

Federal funding

A continuing resolution signed on 2 September 2026 funds federal agencies through 11 December 2026 28. Congress had not passed fiscal 2027 defense appropriations as of 30 October 2026 28.

Full year 2026

2026 outlook

In October 2026, the company updated its 2026 outlook 37. It now expects revenue between $56.5 billion and $56.8 billion and an operating margin around 10.5% 37.

2026, as planned in the 2025 annual report

XM30 prototypes

General Dynamics said in its 2025 annual report that eight initial prototypes of the XM30 mechanized infantry combat vehicle would be delivered to the U.S. Army in 2026 8.

2026, as planned in the 2025 annual report

Advanced Reconnaissance Vehicle

General Dynamics said in its 2025 annual report that this U.S. Marine Corps program was expected to move to engineering and manufacturing development in 2026 8.

📚Learn the words

Revenue (sales)All the money a company takes in from customers before paying any costs.
Gross marginThe share of each sales dollar left after paying to make the product or deliver the service.
Operating profitProfit from the main business after paying for products, marketing and admin, but before interest and tax.
Net incomeThe profit left at the very end, after every cost and tax has been paid.
Free cash flowThe cash a business has left after running itself and buying equipment.
BacklogWork a customer has ordered that a company has not yet delivered and booked as sales.
Unfunded backlogThe part of the backlog for which the customer has not yet set aside the money.
Book-to-bill ratioNew orders divided by sales in the same period. Above one means orders came in faster than sales went out.
Prime contractorThe company that signs the main contract with the customer and is in charge of the whole job.
Sole-source producerThe one company a customer buys a given product from, without taking bids from others.
Continuing resolutionA short-term law that keeps US federal agencies funded when Congress has not passed a full budget.
Type certificateAn aviation authority's approval of an aircraft's design, needed before that model can be built and sold.
Fiscal yearA company's own 12-month accounting year. General Dynamics' ends on 31 December, so FY2025 ended in December 2025.
Economic moatA lasting advantage, like high switching costs, that keeps rivals from taking a company's customers.
RatioOne number divided by another, such as profit divided by sales. Ratios let you compare companies of very different sizes.

❓Frequently asked questions about General Dynamics

How does General Dynamics make money?

General Dynamics makes money from four segments 4. The U.S. government provided 68% of 2025 revenue 6. In FY2025, Marine Systems brought in $16.7bn ✓, Technologies $13.5bn ✓, Aerospace $13.1bn ✓ and Combat Systems $9.2bn ✓.

Who are General Dynamics' customers?

The U.S. government provided 68% of revenue in 2025 6. U.S. commercial customers gave 15%, non-U.S. governments 8% and non-U.S. commercial customers 9% 6.

Who owns Gulfstream?

General Dynamics owns Gulfstream, which it acquired more than 25 years ago, according to its 2025 annual report 4. Gulfstream delivered 158 aircraft in 2025 5.

Which companies build US nuclear-powered submarines?

General Dynamics' Electric Boat and HII's Newport News are the two U.S. companies that build nuclear-powered submarines 122. They team on the Virginia class, and HII is a subcontractor on the Columbia class 122.

What is the Columbia-class program?

The Columbia class is a 12-boat U.S. Navy ballistic-missile submarine program 1. Its program of record is valued above $125 billion 1. In its January 2026 annual report, General Dynamics expected the first boat to deliver in 2028 1.

How big is General Dynamics' backlog?

Total backlog was $220.3 billion on 4 October 2026, up from $136.5 billion on 5 July 2026 27. Marine Systems made up $146.9 billion of backlog on 4 October 2026 27.

Is General Dynamics' Electric Boat under investigation?

As of 30 October 2026, investigations into Electric Boat's accounting on submarine contracts were ongoing 29. The company said it could not predict the outcome or estimate a range of possible loss 29. The SEC and the Civil Division of the U.S. Department of Justice contacted the company in August 2026 29. Subpoenas followed, and the company is cooperating 29.

Who will be General Dynamics' next CEO?

Danny Deep is scheduled to become CEO on 1 January 2027, succeeding Phebe Novakovic 31. She will move to Executive Chairman 3132. He has been with General Dynamics for 25 years and previously led its Land Systems business and Combat Systems group 32.

🎮Play: higher or lower, then test yourself

Higher or lower · round 1 of 4

Figures come from each company's latest annual report (10-K); fiscal years end in different months. Sources: [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15].

Score: 0

🧠 Test yourself

5 quick questions. Score: 0 / 5

1. About how much of General Dynamics' 2025 revenue came from the U.S. government?

The U.S. government provided 68% of the company's revenue in 2025 6.

2. Which segment brought in the most sales in FY2025?

Marine Systems brought in $16.7bn ✓, or 32% ✓ of FY2025 sales.

3. How many U.S. companies build nuclear-powered submarines?

General Dynamics' Electric Boat and HII's Newport News are the two U.S. companies that build them 122.

4. How many Medicare transactions does the accounting system run by General Dynamics Information Technology handle in a day?

The system handles about 4.5 million Medicare transactions a day 3.

5. What is the range of the Gulfstream G800 at Mach 0.85?

The G800 has a range of 8,200 nautical miles at Mach 0.85, the longest of any Gulfstream 4.

🔎Sources and method

Every figure comes from a source listed here or is calculated from those sources (marked ✓). Company financials come from the reports each company files with the SEC (10-K annual and 10-Q quarterly reports). Peer grades rank the same measures across the company and its peers. This page contains no share-price data and no valuation.

  1. General Dynamics Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (filed 2026-01-30) — Item 1: Marine Systems segment (accessed 2026-11-08)
  2. General Dynamics (GD) Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025, filed 2026-01-30 — revenue and cost of sales by product, segment and geography (accessed 2026-11-04)
  3. General Dynamics Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (filed 2026-01-30) — Item 1: Technologies segment (accessed 2026-11-08)
  4. General Dynamics Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (filed 2026-01-30) — Item 1: overview and Aerospace segment (accessed 2026-11-08)
  5. General Dynamics Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (filed 2026-01-30) — Item 7: business environment and segment results (accessed 2026-11-08)
  6. General Dynamics Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (filed 2026-01-30) — Item 1: customers, U.S. government revenue and contract types (accessed 2026-11-08)
  7. General Dynamics Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (filed 2026-01-30) — Item 7: backlog and Gulfstream orders (accessed 2026-11-08)
  8. General Dynamics Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (filed 2026-01-30) — Item 1: Combat Systems segment (accessed 2026-11-08)
  9. SEC EDGAR companyfacts: General Dynamics (GD) — annual 10-K facts (accessed 2026-11-04)
  10. SEC EDGAR companyfacts: BOEING CO (BA) — annual 10-K facts (accessed 2026-11-04)
  11. SEC EDGAR companyfacts: LOCKHEED MARTIN CORP (LMT) — annual 10-K facts (accessed 2026-11-04)
  12. SEC EDGAR companyfacts: RTX Corp (RTX) — annual 10-K facts (accessed 2026-11-04)
  13. SEC EDGAR companyfacts: NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORP /DE/ (NOC) — annual 10-K facts (accessed 2026-11-04)
  14. SEC EDGAR companyfacts: HUNTINGTON INGALLS INDUSTRIES, INC. (HII) — annual 10-K facts (accessed 2026-11-04)
  15. SEC EDGAR companyfacts: TEXTRON INC (TXT) — annual 10-K facts (accessed 2026-11-04)
  16. SEC EDGAR companyfacts: General Dynamics (GD) — balance sheet at 2026-10-04 (accessed 2026-11-04)
  17. Boeing Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025 — Item 1 business: segments, workforce, unions, competition, regulation, incorporation (accessed 2026-11-08)
  18. General Dynamics Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025 — Segments: Aerospace, Marine Systems, Combat Systems, Technologies (accessed 2026-11-08)
  19. Lockheed Martin Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 — Item 1: Rotary and Mission Systems programs, competition (accessed 2026-11-08)
  20. RTX Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 — Item 1: Raytheon products, competition (accessed 2026-11-08)
  21. Northrop Grumman Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 — Item 1: Defense and Mission Systems products, competition (accessed 2026-11-08)
  22. HII Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 — Item 1: submarine and destroyer programs, teaming, competition (accessed 2026-11-08)
  23. Textron Form 10-K for fiscal year ended January 3, 2026 — Item 1: Textron Aviation products and customers (accessed 2026-11-08)
  24. General Dynamics Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (filed 2026-01-30) — Item 1: competition, intellectual property, workforce, regulation (accessed 2026-11-08)
  25. General Dynamics Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (filed 2026-01-30) — Item 7: capital expenditures (accessed 2026-11-08)
  26. The Defense Post: US Navy Columbia and Virginia contracts (2026-07-30) — July 2026 submarine contract awards (accessed 2026-11-08)
  27. General Dynamics Form 10-Q for quarter ended October 4, 2026 (filed 2026-10-30) — Item 2: backlog and book-to-bill (accessed 2026-11-08)
  28. General Dynamics Form 10-Q for quarter ended October 4, 2026 (filed 2026-10-30) — Item 2: business environment (accessed 2026-11-08)
  29. General Dynamics Form 10-Q for quarter ended October 4, 2026 (filed 2026-10-30) — Note J: Electric Boat investigations (accessed 2026-11-08)
  30. General Dynamics Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (filed 2026-01-30) — Item 1A: risk factors (accessed 2026-11-08)
  31. General Dynamics Form 8-K (filed 2026-10-08) — Item 5.02: CEO succession (accessed 2026-11-08)
  32. General Dynamics press release on CEO succession, 8-K exhibit 99.1 (2026-10-07) — CEO succession and tenure (accessed 2026-11-08)
  33. General Dynamics Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (filed 2026-01-30) — Cover page and executive officers (accessed 2026-11-08)
  34. General Dynamics third-quarter 2026 results press release, 8-K exhibit 99.1 (2026-10-30) — Orders, book-to-bill and company description (accessed 2026-11-08)
  35. SEC EDGAR companyfacts: General Dynamics (GD) — quarterly 10-Q/10-K facts (accessed 2026-11-04)
  36. General Dynamics Form 10-Q for quarter ended October 4, 2026 (filed 2026-10-30) — Item 2: segment results and Gulfstream deliveries (accessed 2026-11-08)
  37. General Dynamics Form 10-Q for quarter ended October 4, 2026 (filed 2026-10-30) — Item 2: 2026 full-year outlook updates (accessed 2026-11-08)